ARTIKEL REDUNDANCY AND PARALLEL

Nama Kelompok  4EA08 :
Anisa Rizky
Hasty Titi Andini
Nur Anissa
Rayhan Dwi Cahya

Redundancy and Parallel Construction

Redundancy

Redundancy artinya berlebihan atau pemborosan. Sebuah kalimat dikatakan redundant (berlebihan) bila ada kata atau kelompok kata tambahan yang tidak perlu dalam kalimat dan tanpa kata tersebut pun maksudnya tetap sama.

Contoh redundancy :

Advance forward (maju ke depan)

Return back (mengembalikan kembali)

Sufficient enough (cukup)

Compete together (bersaing bersama)

Join together (bergabung bersama)

Repeat again (mengulangi lagi)

New innovations (inovasi baru)

The time when (waktu ketika)

The place where (tempat di mana)

Contoh dalam kalimat :

The motorcycle advanced  slowly in the rain.

You have to return back the car before Friday.

She did not have sufficient  time to finish her homework.

We have to compete  very tightly in this game.

I want you to join together our tour next month.

Now, repeat again what he has said.

Students should have new innovation in learning.

I do not know the time when she left the party.

Parallel Structure (Parallelism)

Parallel structure atau parallelism berarti elemen-elemen kalimat yang memiliki fungsi yang sama  menggunakan konstruksi atau pola gramatikal yang sama pula. Elemen-elemen kalimat tersebut meliputi word (kata), phrase (frasa), maupun clause (klausa).

Menggunakan parallel structure dalam kalimat akan membuat tulisan menjadi lebih jelas dan menyenangkan untuk dibaca.

Parallel Structure Rules

Beberapa aturan dan contoh kalimat parallel structure pada berbagai kasus adalah sebagai berikut.

1.      Parallelism diterapkan pada elemen-elemen yang dihubungkan oleh coordinate conjunction (and, or, etc).Di dalam suatu lists (daftar) atau series (rangkaian), jika elemen-elemen yang dihubungkan diawali oleh article (a, an, the) atau preposition (to, at, in, etc), maka article atau preposition tersebut digunakan pada setiap elemen atau hanya pada elemen yang pertama saja.

Contoh Salah	Contoh Benar
While Rezky was sleeping, his bag and what its contents disappeared.	While Mario was sleeping, his bag and its contents disappeared. (Ketika Mario sedang tidur, tas dan isinya hilang.)
The air force base may be in the north, the south, west, and east.	The air force base may be in the north, the south, the west, and the east. (Pangkalan angkatan udara tersebut mungkin di utara, selatan, barat, atau timur.)
The show will be held in Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and in Yogyakarta.	The show will be held in Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and Yogyakarta. (Pertunjukkan akan diadakan di Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, dan Yogyakarta.)

2. Parallelism diterapkan pada elemen-elemen yang dihubungkan correlative conjunction.

Contoh Salah	Contoh Benar
He can not only drive a car but  also a helicopter.	He can drive not only a car but also a helicopter. [atau He can not only drive a car but also drive a helicopter.] (Dia dapat mengendarai tak hanya mobil tapi juga helikopter.)
This book is not for you but your cousin.	This book is not for you but for your cousin. (Buku ini bukan untukmu tapi untuk sepupumu.)

3. Parallelism diterapkan pada elemen-elemen yang dibandingkan (comparison).

Contoh Salah	Contoh Benar
I like swimming better than to bike.	I like swimming better than biking. [atau I like to swim better than to bike.] (Saya suka jogging melebihi bersepeda.)
My handphone is cheaper than my brother.	My handphone is cheaper than my brother’s. (Hp saya lebih murah dari hp saudara saya.)

References:

1. Usage – Parallel Structure. http://www.towson.edu/ows/parallelism.htm. Accessed on December 6, 2012.
2. Parallel Form. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/parallelism.htm. Accessed on December 6, 2012.
3. Parallel Structure. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/623/1/. Accessed on December 6, 2012.
4. http://inggrisku.net/2014/09/redundancy-penggunaan-kata-berlebihan/#.VZyz5kpmF7s

Solutions to Overcome Environmental Pollution

 To avoid excessive environmental pollution of the river, there are some things we can do. For those of you who have a car, make sure if your car is always in good condition and does not leak of fuel. Fuel could leak and pollute the waters flowing in the environment. Also, you have to avoid using car wash products excessively. Never remove excess fluid that could be a waste, such as thinner, paint, and so forth to the streets.

For the higher city level, it requires a greater solution to tackle the river pollution. One of the most effective ways that can be selected is avoiding raw sewage into the environment. To outsmart the products that cause pollution, every industry should be able to modify the production process in order to waste less.

Recycling process can also be a great way to reduce the pollution. Make strict rules about how to manage the land and manage each industrial waste disposal. Furthermore, it’s better to do any development that could reduce pollution, such as the creation of green infrastructure, construction of roads which considers waters’ problems, maintenance the roads and so on. With those methods, the government can do the city development plan while taking the attention to the surrounding environment. Therefore, make sure that all segments of society have the awareness and the same vision for the environment

-          Verbs + To Infinitive :

To avoid

To tackle

To waste

To reduce

To manage

-          Verbs + Gerund :

Avoiding

Taking

Sumber : http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.com/2014/09/contoh-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang-alam-indonesia.html

Dengue Fever

Health officials who made checks at cemeteries discovered that the cemeteries had become one of the main causes for the spread of dengue fever in urban. They ere shocked to find a lot of eades mosquitoes breeding in cemeteries. The eades mosquito spreads Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, DHV, to man.

The officials found a lot of pots, bottles, and vases holding flowers at the graves left there by people visiting the graves of their relatives. These containers had eventually rain and they soon became breeding grounds for these mosquitoes. Those living near cemeteries also become victims of dengue fever. Sadly it was the death of a caretaker of a cemetery that promoted the officials to investigate the surroundings near his house. This had led to the discovery of cemeteries as a breeding ground for eades mosquitoes.

Since the discovery, the Health Department has appealed to the caretakers and the different associations in charge of graveyards to clear all containers left at graves as quickly as possible. The number of dengue cases notified as highest among the Chinese, followed by Malays, Indians, and others. All these cases had been mainly from the city areas. The Health Department is continually strengthening dengue prevention and control by holding talk shows, fogging housing estates and conducting checks at homes.

-          Demonstrative Adjectives (Kata Sifat Penunjuk) :

These countainers

These cases

That promoted

Those living

-          Quantitative Adjectives (Kata Sifat Kuantitatif) :

a lot of eades mosquitoes

a lot of pots, bottles, and vases holding flowers

-          Possesive Adjectives

their relatives

his house

-          Adverbs Of Manner ( Kata Keterangan Cara )

quickly as possible

-          Adverb Of Certainty

The Health Department is continually

mainly from the city areas

eventually

Sumber : http://www.belajarbahasainggrisku.com/2014/05/contoh-artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang-kesehatan-pendidikan-lingkungan-dan-ekonomi.html